Instructors And Examiners

How the people who will teach you and check you are qualified, standardised and kept current — and, honestly, which of those posts are still vacant while PassionJet Training is in application for Approved Training Organisation certification.

See What Is Not Yet Appointed Qualification Requirements

0Instructors or examiners approved to date

3 YearsInstructor certificate validity — LIC.940

3 YearsExaminer certificate validity — LIC.1025(a)

LIC.1005Independence rule on every skill test

CAR LIC Subpart J — Instructors · CAR LIC Subpart K — Examiners · CAR LIC Subpart N — Approved Training Organisations · CAP 14 Advanced Pilot Training

Where We Stand Today

The honest version, because an applicant organisation has nothing to gain from any other kind.

No instructor and no examiner has been appointed or approved. PassionJet Training is in application to the San Marino Civil Aviation Authority for Approved Training Organisation certification. No course has been delivered and no trainee has been enrolled. The postholder nominations set out in our Exposition are still to be accepted by the Authority. Because none of these people exist yet, this page publishes no names, no licence numbers, no flying hours, no photographs and no biographies — inventing them would be worse than an empty roster.

What this page can honestly show is the framework: the qualifications the regulation requires before anyone may instruct or check, how we standardise instructors against a common company standard, how currency is maintained, and who signs off what. That framework is written down in our controlled manual set and is part of the approval application. The individual records go in once people are appointed and the Authority has accepted them — see The Published Roster below.

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC LIC.1200 (Issue of approval); CAR LIC LIC.1250(a) — the training organisation shall nominate a person responsible for ensuring that it is in compliance with the requirements for an approved organisation; CAP 14 §4.5(b).

The Structure

The posts the regulation requires, what each one is for, and their present status.

Postholders and instructional staff described in the ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 §13.1 and §13.3.
Post	Responsible For	Qualification Required	Status
Accountable Manager	Ensuring the organisation complies with the requirements for an approved organisation; funding and accountability.	Senior aviation-training or operating management experience; sound regulatory knowledge; acceptable to the Authority.	Nomination pending
Head of Training	Planning, performing and supervising the training; that the training complies with CAR LIC; integration of flight and theoretical-knowledge instruction; supervising the progress of individual students.	Extensive experience as an instructor in the areas relevant to the training provided, and sound managerial capability; acceptable to the Authority.	Nomination pending
Chief Flight Instructor	The conduct, technical content and standardisation of all flight and simulator instruction; authority to require an instructor to be re-standardised.	Current TRI(A) and/or SFI for the type; substantial type instructional experience; acceptable to the Authority.	Nomination pending
Compliance Monitoring Manager	Independent compliance monitoring and audit of training delivery.	Auditor training and experience; sound knowledge of CAR LIC, CAP 14 and quality-management principles; independent of training delivery; acceptable to the Authority.	Nomination pending
Safety Manager	Management of the Safety Management System.	SMS training and experience; operational and human-factors knowledge; acceptable to the Authority.	Nomination pending
TRI / SFI	Flight and full-flight-simulator instruction on the type.	Valid TRI(A) or SFI certificate for the type, with recency; standardised by the Chief Flight Instructor.	None appointed
TRE / SFE	Skill tests and proficiency checks, as authorised.	Valid TRI/SFI for the type plus a current CAR LIC Subpart K examiner authorisation; standardised and calibrated.	None appointed
Theoretical-knowledge instructor	Ground-school and theoretical-knowledge instruction.	A practical aviation background in the relevant areas plus a course of training in instructional techniques; or previous theoretical-knowledge instruction experience plus an appropriate theoretical background in the subject.	None appointed
Training Administration	Scheduling, records, and the interface with the Authority.	Training-administration experience; records competence; data-protection awareness.	Nomination pending

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC LIC.1250(a) (nominated person responsible for compliance), LIC.1250(b) (employ the necessary personnel to plan, perform and supervise the training), LIC.1250(c) (competence of instructional personnel to a level acceptable to the Authority). CAP 14 §4.5(b) Accountable Manager; §4.5(c) Head of Training, whose responsibilities include ensuring the training complies with CAR LIC, the satisfactory integration of flight training and theoretical-knowledge instruction, and supervising the progress of individual students; §4.5(d) flight instructors and flight simulation training instructors shall hold the qualifications required by CAR LIC for the type of training they are providing; §4.5(e) theoretical-knowledge instructors. Post descriptions and role qualifications: ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 §2.3, §13.1, §13.3.

How An Instructor Is Qualified

Nothing on this page is a summary of another country's rules. San Marino's requirements are set out in CAR LIC, and every requirement below carries its clause.

The Common Requirements — Every Instructor

A licence and a certificate for the job. A person may only carry out flight instruction in an aircraft while holding a pilot licence issued or accepted under CAR LIC and an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given; synthetic flight instruction requires an instructor certificate appropriate to the instruction given. LIC.900(a)
Minimum age 18. LIC.915(a)
A training course at an ATO. Applicants for an instructor certificate shall have completed a course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO. LIC.930
An assessment of competence. The applicant must demonstrate to an examiner qualified under Subpart K the ability to instruct a student pilot to the level required for the issue of the relevant licence, rating or certificate. LIC.935(a)
Three years, then it must be revalidated. Instructor certificates are valid for a period of three years. LIC.940
A failed revalidation assessment stops the privileges. An applicant who fails to achieve a pass before the expiry date shall not exercise the privileges of that certificate until the assessment has been successfully completed. LIC.935(d)

The Competences Every Instructor Is Trained To Achieve

CAR LIC LIC.920 lists these in full: prepare resources; create a climate conducive to learning; present knowledge; integrate Threat and Error Management (TEM) and crew resource management; manage time to achieve training objectives; facilitate learning; assess trainee performance; monitor and review progress; evaluate training sessions; report outcome. LIC.930 requires the instructor course to contain these elements in addition to the elements specific to the instructor category.

Type Rating Instructor — TRI(A) For Multi-Pilot Aeroplanes

Hold a CPL, MPL or ATPL on the applicable aircraft category. LIC.915.TRI(a)
1 500 hours flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes. LIC.915.TRI(b)(1)
30 route sectors, including take-offs and landings, as PIC or co-pilot on the applicable aeroplane type within the 12 months preceding the application — of which 15 sectors may be completed in a full-flight simulator representing that type. LIC.915.TRI(b)(2)
A TRI training course of at least 25 hours of teaching and learning, 10 hours of technical training, and 10 hours of flight instruction on the aircraft or a simulator representing it for multi-pilot aircraft. Applicants who hold or have held an instructor certificate are fully credited towards the teaching-and-learning element. LIC.930.TRI(a), (b)
Simulator-only restriction. If the TRI assessment of competence is conducted in a full-flight simulator, the TRI certificate is restricted to flight instruction in FFSs; the restriction is lifted when the assessment of competence is passed on an aircraft. LIC.935.TRI
Revalidation. Within the last 12 months before expiry the TRI(A) must do one of three things: conduct a simulator session of at least 3 hours or one air exercise of at least 1 hour with a minimum of 2 take-offs and landings as part of a complete type-rating course; receive instructor refresher training as a TRI at an ATO; or pass the assessment of competence. For at least each alternate revalidation, the assessment of competence must be passed. LIC.940.TRI(a)(1), (a)(3)

Synthetic Flight Instructor — SFI

Hold or have held a CPL, MPL or ATPL in the appropriate aircraft category. LIC.915.SFI(a)
Have completed the proficiency check for the issue of the specific type rating in a full-flight simulator representing that type within the 12 months preceding the application. LIC.915.SFI(b)
For multi-pilot aeroplanes: at least 1 500 hours flight time as a pilot on multi-pilot aeroplanes, and — within the preceding 12 months — either 3 route sectors on the flight deck of the applicable type, or 2 line-orientated flight training-based simulator sessions conducted by qualified flight crew on the flight deck of the type. LIC.915.SFI(c)(1), (c)(2)
The SFI's privileges are tied to the device. They are restricted to the FTD 2/3 or FFS of the aircraft type in which the SFI training course was taken, and may be extended to other devices only after completing the simulator content of the relevant type-rating course and conducting at least 3 hours of SFI flight instruction on the applicable type under the supervision, and to the satisfaction, of a TRE qualified for the purpose. LIC.910.SFI

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC Subpart J — LIC.900, LIC.915, LIC.920, LIC.930, LIC.935, LIC.940; LIC.915.TRI, LIC.930.TRI, LIC.935.TRI, LIC.940.TRI; LIC.905.SFI, LIC.910.SFI, LIC.915.SFI. CAP 14 §4.5(d), §4.5(e). Applied at PJ-ATO-TM-001 §3.7 and ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 §13.2, §13.3.

How An Examiner Is Authorised

The person who conducts your skill test is authorised by the Authority, not by us. We nominate; the Authority decides.

An equivalent licence and the privilege to instruct. An examiner must hold an equivalent licence, rating or certificate to the ones for which they are authorised to conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence, and the privilege to instruct for them; and must be qualified to act as pilot-in-command on the aircraft when the test is conducted on the aircraft. LIC.1000(a)
A clean regulatory record. Applicants must demonstrate relevant knowledge, background and appropriate experience related to the privileges of an examiner, and that they have not been subject to any sanctions — including suspension, limitation or revocation of any licence, rating or certificate — during the last three years. LIC.1010
A standardisation course. Provided by the Authority or by an ATO and approved by the Authority. It must include at least the conduct of 2 skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence for the licences, ratings or certificates for which the privilege is sought; instruction on the applicable requirements, the conduct of tests and checks and their documentation and reporting; and a briefing on national administrative procedures, personal-data protection, liability, accident insurance and fees. LIC.1015(a), (b)
An assessment of competence in the examiner role. Demonstrated to an inspector from the Authority or a senior examiner specifically authorised to do so, covering briefing, conduct, assessment of the candidate, debriefing and recording documentation. LIC.1020
Valid for three years. An examiner certificate shall be valid for 3 years. LIC.1025(a)
Revalidation. Within the validity period the examiner must have conducted at least 2 skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence every year, and attended an examiner refresher seminar provided by the Authority or by an approved ATO during the last year of validity. One of those tests or checks in the final year must have been assessed by an Authority inspector or an authorised senior examiner. LIC.1025(b)(1)–(3)
An authorisation is required before privileges are exercised at a training facility. Examiners at an approved training facility require an authorisation prior to exercising their examiner privileges, and that authorisation is valid for 3 years. CAP 14 §2.1(i)

Type Rating Examiner — TRE(A), Multi-Pilot Aeroplanes

1 500 hours of flight time as a pilot of multi-pilot aeroplanes, of which at least 500 hours as pilot-in-command. LIC.1010.TRE(a)(1)
Hold a CPL or ATPL and a TRI certificate for the applicable type. LIC.1010.TRE(a)(3)
For the initial issue of a TRE certificate, at least 50 hours of flight instruction as a TRI, FI or SFI on the applicable type or an FSTD representing it. LIC.1010.TRE(a)(4)
Privileges include skill tests for the initial issue of type ratings, proficiency checks for revalidation or renewal of type and instrument ratings, and — only after at least three years as a TRE — assessments of competence for the issue, revalidation or renewal of a TRI or SFI certificate. LIC.1005.TRE(a)(1), (2), (5)

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC Subpart K — LIC.1000, LIC.1010, LIC.1015, LIC.1020, LIC.1025, LIC.1005.TRE, LIC.1010.TRE. CAP 14 §2.1(i), §4.3(j). Applied at PJ-ATO-TM-001 §3.8 and ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 §13.6.

Independence — Who May Not Test You

This is the clause that decides which examiner can be put in the right-hand seat on the day of your skill test, and it is stricter than it is often described.

What The Regulation Says

CAR LIC LIC.1005 provides that examiners shall not conduct skill tests or assessments of competence of applicants for the issue of a licence, rating or certificate to whom they have provided flight instruction for the licence, rating or certificate being taken, or when they have been responsible for the recommendation for the skill test in accordance with LIC.030(b). Under LIC.1005(b), an examiner shall not conduct skill tests, proficiency checks or assessments of competence whenever they feel that their objectivity may be affected.

How We Apply It

Our Training Manual states the rule without softening it: the bar is unconditional and there is no majority-of-training threshold — any flight instruction given toward the rating disqualifies that person from conducting the skill test, and so does having signed the recommendation for it, even if they never instructed. Examiner assignment is screened against these limitations before the check is scheduled, and conflicts are managed and recorded. Because LIC.1005(b) rests on a judgement only the examiner can make, the examiner also declares their objectivity before signing, for tests and checks alike.

Note the boundary. LIC.1005(a) bites on skill tests and assessments of competence. A proficiency check is reached only by LIC.1005(b) — the examiner's own judgement about their objectivity. We state it that way because overstating a restriction is as much a defect as understating one.

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC LIC.1005 (Limitation of privileges in case of vested interests), referring to LIC.030(b). Applied at PJ-ATO-TM-001 §3.8 (Examiner Conduct — Independence), Rev 05.

Standardisation And Recurrency

A licence proves an instructor can instruct. Standardisation is what makes two of our instructors teach and grade the same lesson the same way.

The standardisation programme establishes and maintains a common instructional and checking standard. It is owned by the Chief Flight Instructor under the Head of Training, and comprises initial, concurrent and recurrent elements.

Initial Standardisation

The new instructor is briefed on the syllabi, the assessment standards and the standardisation expectations, then delivers instruction under observation by the Chief Flight Instructor or a nominated standards instructor against the standardisation checklist. Any shortfall is addressed and re-observed. The instructor is released to instruct unsupervised only when the standard is met, and the record is filed in the instructor file.

Concurrent Standardisation

Standardisation observations are conducted periodically while the instructor is active, in the simulator and/or classroom, against the standardisation checklist. Findings are discussed with the instructor and recorded, and trends are reviewed at the Standardisation Meeting. Where an observation reveals a shortfall, re-standardisation is required before further instruction in the affected area.

Recurrent Standardisation

A standardisation meeting is held on the defined cycle to disseminate changes and align interpretation of standards across all instructors and examiners. Recurrent observations are scheduled so that every instructor is observed within the cycle, and outcomes are recorded and feed the Training Standards Meeting and the instructor files.

Examiner Calibration

Examiners are cross-observed conducting checks, and their grading is compared against an agreed standard scenario. Divergence beyond the agreed tolerance triggers re-calibration before further checking. The calibration record is held in the examiner file and reported to the Standardisation Meeting.

Change-Driven Re-Standardisation

Following a significant change to the manufacturer manuals, the type-rating standard, the simulator configuration or company procedures, affected personnel are re-briefed and, where necessary, re-assessed before delivering the affected training.

Continuation Training

The training organisation must ensure that all instructional personnel receive initial and continuation training appropriate to their assigned tasks and responsibilities, and that programme must include training in knowledge and skills related to human performance. Ours runs on a recurrent cycle and additionally on change, and covers procedure, fleet and regulatory changes and standardisation outcomes.

Fatigue Is Part Of Instructional Quality

The organisation applies a flight- and duty-time limitation scheme for flight instructors, covering maximum flying hours, maximum flying duty hours and minimum rest between instructional duties. The controlling detail sits in the Operations Manual and compliance is monitored through rostering.

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC LIC.1250(c) (competence of instructional personnel in accordance with procedures and to a level acceptable to the Authority) and LIC.1250(d) (initial and continuation training; human-performance knowledge and skills). CAP 14 §4.3(g) (procedures used to establish and maintain the competence of instructional personnel), §4.3(l) (instructor flight-time limitation scheme), §4.5(a). Programme text: ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 §13.4, §13.5.1–§13.5.4, §13.7; PJ-ATO-TM-001 §3.7.

Who Signs An Instructor Off

Two different approvals, often confused. The Authority issues the certificate. The organisation releases the person to instruct on our courses.

The Authority Issues The Certificate

An instructor certificate under CAR LIC Subpart J, or an examiner certificate under Subpart K, is issued by the Authority against LIC.900, LIC.930, LIC.935 and — for examiners — LIC.1015 and LIC.1020. PassionJet Training cannot issue either, and does not claim to. Examiners at an approved training facility additionally require an authorisation prior to exercising their privileges (CAP 14 §2.1(i)).

Training Administration Verifies And Files The Evidence

Before an individual is assigned to a role, the qualifications and experience are verified against the role requirement and the verification recorded; recency is monitored thereafter and instruction or checking is not permitted outside currency. For examiners, the Subpart K authorisation reference, scope and expiry are verified and recorded before any checking, and confirmed again before each check.

The Instructor Completes Initial Training

ATO procedures, the Exposition and manual suite, safety and just culture, and records — completed before first instructional duty. For TRI/SFI: the syllabi, simulator familiarisation, the standardisation brief and the variant differences, completed before release to instruct unsupervised.

The Chief Flight Instructor Conducts Initial Standardisation

Under observation, against the standardisation checklist. On meeting the standard — and only then — the instructor is released to instruct unsupervised and enters the concurrent and recurrent standardisation cycle. The Chief Flight Instructor holds the authority to require an instructor to be re-standardised, and to reject a simulator session that does not meet the required configuration.

Examiners Are Nominated By The Head Of Training

Examiners are selected by the Head of Training from standardised, suitably experienced instructors and nominated to the Authority for authorisation. Acceptance is the Authority's, not ours.

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC LIC.900, LIC.930, LIC.935 (instructor certificates); LIC.1015, LIC.1020, LIC.1025 (examiner standardisation, assessment and validity); LIC.1250(c). CAP 14 §2.1(i), §4.3(j) — where an ATO is authorised to conduct the checking required for the issue of a licence or rating, the manual describes the selection, role and duties of the authorised personnel and the applicable CAA requirements. Process text: ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 §13.3, §13.6, Appendix J.3; PJ-ATO-TM-001 §3.8.

The Records Behind Every Instructor And Examiner

What an inspector — or a trainee with a fair question — can ask to see.

Required content of an instructor or examiner record, ATO Exposition PJ-ATO-EXP-001 Appendix S.1.
Section	Required Content
Identity and qualification	Identity; TRI/SFI or examiner qualification; type; validity.
Recency	Recency status and monitoring.
Authorisation (examiners)	Subpart K authorisation reference, scope and expiry.
Initial training	Initial-training completion record.
Standardisation	Initial, concurrent and recurrent standardisation records.
Continuation training	Continuation-training completion records.
Calibration (examiners)	Examiner calibration records.
Retention	Retention period applied — a minimum of two years after the instructor or examiner ceases to perform a function for the training organisation.

Two Retention Clocks, On Two Different Parties

The organisation must maintain a system for recording the qualifications and training of instructional and examining staff, and keep those records for a minimum of two years after the person ceases to perform a function for it. Separately, the examiner personally must maintain records for five years with details of all skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence performed and their results. Our retention schedule holds skill test and proficiency check reports for five years so that an examiner relying on our platform is never disposed out of their own legal obligation.

Regulatory basis: CAR LIC LIC.1260(b), (c) (organisation records); LIC.1030(c) (examiners shall maintain records for 5 years with details of all skill tests, proficiency checks and assessments of competence performed and their results); LIC.1030(b)(3) (signed report to the applicant and copies submitted without delay to the Authority responsible for the applicant's licence and the Authority that issued the examiner certificate). CAP 14 §4.3(h), §4.8. Applied at PJ-ATO-CMP-002 (Records Retention) and PJ-ATO-EXP-001 Appendix S.1.

The Published Roster

Deliberately empty. It fills in when people are appointed and the Authority has accepted them — not before.

Individual instructor and examiner records. Nothing here is placeholder text standing in for a real person: no instructor or examiner has been appointed.
Role	Name	Certificate And Type	Status
Head of Training	Not yet appointed	—	Nomination pending acceptance
Chief Flight Instructor	Not yet appointed	—	Nomination pending acceptance
Type Rating Instructors	None appointed	—	None approved
Synthetic Flight Instructors	None appointed	—	None approved
Type Rating / Synthetic Flight Examiners	None appointed	—	None authorised
Theoretical-knowledge instructors	None appointed	—	None approved

What will be published here, and what will not. Once appointments are made and accepted, this table will show each person's instructor or examiner category, the type they are qualified on, and whether their certificate and standardisation are current — the things a prospective trainee and an inspector have a legitimate interest in. It will not publish licence numbers, medical information or any other personal data beyond what that purpose requires. Until then it stays as you see it. If you would like to know the current position on postholder appointments before committing to anything, ask us and we will tell you where the application actually stands.

Where These Requirements Come From

Every clause on this page was read in the controlled source below, not recalled from another authority's rulebook.

The controlled sources behind every requirement stated on this page.
Document	What It Governs Here
CAR LIC, Rev 12 — Subpart J, Instructors	LIC.900, LIC.915, LIC.920, LIC.930, LIC.935, LIC.940; the TRI clauses LIC.915.TRI, LIC.930.TRI, LIC.935.TRI, LIC.940.TRI; the SFI clauses LIC.905.SFI, LIC.910.SFI, LIC.915.SFI.
CAR LIC, Rev 12 — Subpart K, Examiners	LIC.1000, LIC.1005, LIC.1010, LIC.1015, LIC.1020, LIC.1025, LIC.1030; the TRE clauses LIC.1005.TRE and LIC.1010.TRE.
CAR LIC, Rev 12 — Subpart N, Approved Training and Approved Training Organisation	LIC.1200 (issue of approval), LIC.1250 (personnel), LIC.1260 (records).
CAP 14, Rev 03 — Advanced Pilot Training	§2.1(i) examiner authorisation; §4.3(g), (h), (j), (l) manual content on instructor competence, records, checking personnel and instructor flight-time limitations; §4.5 personnel; §4.8 records.
PJ-ATO-EXP-001 — ATO Exposition	The organisation's own description of posts, staffing, qualification per role, the standardisation programme and examiner management (§2.3, §13, Appendix J.3, Appendix S.1).
PJ-ATO-TM-001 — Training Manual, B737NG/MAX	§3.7 instructor standardisation; §3.8 examiner conduct and independence. The Training Manual is the master for syllabus and procedure; where any other surface disagrees with it, the manual is correct.

These are controlled documents held in the approval application. They are not published on this website. If you are assessing us — as a candidate, an operator or a regulator — ask and we will tell you the revision status of any of them.

Questions About Who Will Be Teaching You?

Ask them before you commit to anything. We would rather answer an awkward question now than have you find the answer later.

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